HYBRID COMPOSITES REINFORCED WITH GRAPHENE AND TITANIUM CARBIDE IN AA7068 MATRIX: EVALUATION OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTY
Keywords:
AA7068, graphene, titanium carbide, SEM, UTS, Rockwell hardness, wear
Abstract
The present work deals with the fabrication of AA7068 as a matrix reinforced with different weight percentages of titanium carbide (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5) % and with a constant weight percentage of graphene of 1 % using the stir casting method. The objective of this work is to study the mechanical and tribological properties of the hybrid composite. The uniform distribution of graphene and titanium carbide particles in the AA7068 matrix was validated with SEM investigations of the manufactured composite. A tensile test was performed, and a maximum ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 199 MPa and a low percentage of elongation of 4.42 were obtained for the AA7068-1.0 w/% graphene-2.5 w/% TiC composite. The hardness of the composite was measured using a Rockwell hardness tester, and a maximum value of 63 HRB was obtained for the AA7068-1.0 w/% graphene-2.5 w/% TiC composite. The hardness increased as the percentage of TiC increased. The impact strength was determined with a Charpy test, and a maximum value of 4.5 J was obtained for the AA7068-1.0 w/% graphene-2.5 w/% TiC composite. A dry sliding wear test was performed in a pin-on-disc wear testing machine with different loads (5, 10 and 15) N, a constant sliding speed of 1000 min–1, and a sliding distance of 1000 m. The sample having 2.5 w/% TiC had a lower coefficient of friction and lower wear loss under different load conditions. Due to the presence of graphene and TiC reinforcements, the composites’ tensile, hardness and tribological properties improved significantly when compared to the aluminium alloy 7068 matrix.
References
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16) Garg, Pulkit, et al. "Structural and mechanical properties of graphene reinforced aluminum matrix composites." J. Mater. Environ. Sci 7.5 (2016): 1461-1473.
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29) Jerome, S., Ravisankar, B., Mahato, P.K. and Natarajan, S., “Synthesis and evaluation of mechanical and high temperature tribological properties of in-situ Al–TiC composites”, Tribology International, 43(11), (2010): 2029-2036.
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32) Radha, P., N. Selvakumar, and R. Harichandran. "Computational Intelligence for Analysing the Mechanical Properties of AA 2219 – (B4C+ h-BN) Hybrid Nano Composites Processed by Ultrasound Assisted Casting." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials (2019): 1163-1173.
33) Rajaganapathy, C., D. Vasudevan, and N. Selvakumar. "Investigation on Tribological and mechanical behaviour of AA6082—Graphene based composites with Ti particles." Materials Research Express 7.7 (2020): 076514.
34) Vinod, B., et al. "Fabrication and characterization of organic and in-organic reinforced A356 aluminium matrix hybrid composite by improved double-stir casting." Silicon 11 (2019): 817-829.
35) Narayanasamy, P., N. Selvakumar, and P. Balasundar. "Effect of weight percentage of TiC on their tribological properties of magnesium composites." Materials Today: Proceedings 5.2 (2018): 6570-6578.
36) Sivaraj, M., Muthuraman, S., Selvakumar, N., & Rajkumar, S. “The effects of TiC reinforcement on thermal, electrical and dry sliding wear behaviour of aluminium matrix nanocomposites. International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development, Trans Stellar Publisher, 8(1), (2018): 2249-6890.
37) Selvakumar, N., M. Sivaraj, and S. Muthuraman. "Microstructure characterization and thermal properties of Al-TiC sintered nano composites." Applied Thermal Engineering 107 (2016): 625-632.
38) Sivaraj, M., and N. Selvakumar. "Effect of particle size on the deformation behaviour of sintered Al–TiC nano composites." Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals 70 (2017): 2093-2102.
39) Narayanasamy, P., and N. Selvakumar. "Effect of hybridizing and optimization of TiC on the tribological behavior of Mg–MoS2 composites." Journal of Tribology 139.5 (2017).
40) Prabagaran, Subramaniam, Govindarajulu Chandramohan, and Palanisamy Shanmughasundaram. "Influence of graphite on the hardness and wear behavior of AA6061–B4C composite." Mater Technol 48.5 (2014): 661-667.
41) Şahın, Salim, et al. "Wear behavior of Al/SiC/graphite and Al/FeB/graphite hybrid composites." Materiali in tehnologije 48.5 (2014): 639-646.
42) Elango, Gopalakrishnan, Busuna Kuppuswamy Raghunath, and Kayaroganam Palanikumar. "Experimental analysis of the wear behavior of hybrid metal-matrix composites of LM25Al with equal volumes of SiC+ TiO2." Materiali in tehnologije 48.6 (2014): 803-810.
43) Stojanović, B., et al. "Tribological behaviour of A356/10SiC/3Gr hybrid composite in dry-sliding conditions." Materials and technology 49.1 (2015): 117-121.
44) Aluminija, Vedenje Hibridnega Kompozita Na Osnovi. "Wear behaviour of B4C reinforced hybrid aluminum-matrix composites." Materiali in tehnologije 49.1 (2015): 9-13.
45) Sanusi, Kazeem Oladele, and Esther Titilayo Akinlabi. "Friction-stir processing of a composite aluminium alloy (AA 1050) reinforced with titanium carbide powder." Materiali in tehnologije 51.3 (2017): 427-435.
46) Lastnosti, Vpliv Velikosti Delcev Na Mehanske. "Effect of particles size on the mechanical properties of SiC-reinforced aluminium 8011 composites." Materiali in tehnologije 51.4 (2017): 667-672.
47) AA8011-ZrB, KOMPOZITA S. KOVINSKO OSNOVO. "Investigation of tribological behavior of AA8011-ZrB2 in-situ cast-metal-matrix composites." Materiali in tehnologije 52.4 (2018): 451-45.
48) Lu, Yalin, et al. "Aluminum matrix composites reinforced with nano TiC particles: microstructure and wear behavior." Materiali in tehnologije 52.5 (2018): 673-678.
49) Sinteza, I., and M. Kompozitov. "Synthesis and forming behaviour of AA7075-TiC powder-metallurgy composites." Synthesis 809 (2018): 812.
50) Du, Xiaoming, Kaifeng Zheng, and Fengguo Liu. "Microstructure and mechanical properties of graphene-reinforced aluminum-matrix composites." Mater. Teh 52 (2018): 763-768.
2) Alizadeh, A., and E. Taheri-Nassaj. "Mechanical properties and wear behaviour of Al–2 wt.% Cu alloy composites reinforced by B4C nanoparticles and fabricated by mechanical milling and hot extrusion." Materials characterization 67 (2012): 119-128.
3) Abdollahi, Alireza, Ali Alizadeh, and Hamid Reza Baharvandi. "Dry sliding tribological behavior and mechanical properties of Al2024–5 wt.% B4C nanocomposite produced by mechanical milling and hot extrusion." Materials & Design 55 (2014): 471-481.
4) Jauhari, Siddhartha, HG Prashantha Kumar, and M. Anthony Xavior. "Synthesis and characterization of AA 6061-Graphene-SiC hybrid nanocomposites processed through microwave sintering." Materials Science and Engineering. 149, 1. (2016), 012086.
5) Baradeswaran, A., Vettivel, S.C., Perumal, A.E., Selvakumar, N. and Issac, R.F., "Experimental investigation on mechanical behaviour, modelling and optimization of wear parameters of B4C and graphite reinforced aluminium hybrid composites." Materials & Design 63 (2014): 620-632.
6) Uvaraja, V. C., and N. Natarajan. "Tribological characterization of stir-cast hybrid composite aluminium 6061 reinforced with SiC and B4C particulates." European Journal of Scientific Research 76.4 (2012): 539-552.
7) Uvaraja, V. C., and N. Natarajan. "Comparison on Al6061 and Al7075 alloy with sic and B4C reinforcement hybrid metal matrix composites." Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering 11 (2012): 757-768.
8) Radhika, N., R. Subramanian, and S. Venkat Prasat. "Tribological behaviour of aluminium/alumina/graphite hybrid metal matrix composite using Taguchi’s techniques." Journal of minerals and materials characterization and engineering 10.05 (2011): 427.
9) Pandey, Utkarsh, et al. "Effect of TiC particles on the mechanical properties of aluminium alloy metal matrix composites (MMCs)." Materials Today: Proceedings 4.4 (2017): 5452-5460.
10) Gopalakrishnan, S., and N. Murugan. "Production and wear characterisation of AA 6061 matrix titanium carbide particulate reinforced composite by enhanced stir casting method." Composites Part B: Engineering 43.2 (2012): 302-308.
11) Kumar, K. Ravi, K. Kiran, and V. S. Sreebalaji. "Micro structural characteristics and mechanical behaviour of aluminium matrix composites reinforced with titanium carbide." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 723 (2017): 795-801.
12) Raviraj, M. S., C. M. Sharanprabhu, and G. C. Mohankumar. "Experimental analysis on processing and properties of Al-TiC metal matrix composites." Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014): 2032-2038.
13) Khan, Mahmood, et al. "Microstructural evolution, mechanical profile, and fracture morphology of aluminium matrix composites containing graphene nanoplatelets." Journal of Materials Research 32.11 (2017): 2055-2066.
14) Ovid'Ko, I. A. "Metal-graphene nanocomposites with enhanced mechanical properties: a review." Reviews on Advanced Materials Science 38.2 (2014): 190-200.
15) Wang, Jingyue, et al. "Reinforcement with graphene nanosheets in aluminium matrix composites." Scripta Materialia 66.8 (2012): 594-597.
16) Garg, Pulkit, et al. "Structural and mechanical properties of graphene reinforced aluminum matrix composites." J. Mater. Environ. Sci 7.5 (2016): 1461-1473.
17) Kumar, NG Siddesh, R. Suresh, and GS Shiva Shankar. "High temperature wear behavior of Al2219 / n-B4C / MoS2 hybrid metal matrix composites." Composites Communications 19 (2020): 61-73.
18) Mahmoud, T. S. "Artificial neural network prediction of the wear rate of powder metallurgy Al/Al2O3 metal matrix composites." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 226.1 (2012): 3-15.
19) Upadhyaya, G. S., and S. K. Bhaumik. "Sintering of submicron WC-10wt.% Co hard metals containing nickel and iron." Materials Science and Engineering: A 105 (1988): 249-256.
20) Ravindran, P., et al. "Application of factorial techniques to study the wear of Al hybrid composites with graphite addition." Materials & Design 39 (2012): 42-54.
21) Ravindran, P., et al. "Tribological properties of powder metallurgy–Processed aluminium self-lubricating hybrid composites with SiC additions." Materials & Design 45 (2013): 561-570.
22) Suresha, S., and B. K. Sridhara. "Effect of addition of graphite particulates on the wear behaviour in aluminium–silicon carbide–graphite composites." Materials & Design 31.4 (2010): 1804-1812.
23) Dhiman, Mohit, et al. "Effect of iron on wear behavior of as-cast and heat-treated hypereutectic Al–18Si–4Cu–0.5 Mg alloy: A Taguchi approach." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 228.1 (2014): 2-16.
24) Banerji, A., et al. "Abrasive wear of cast aluminium alloy-zircon particle composites." Wear 82.2 (1982): 141-151.
25) Lakshmipathy, J., Rajesh Kannan, S., Manisekar, K. and Vinoth Kumar, S. “Effect of Reinforcement and Tribological Behaviour of AA 7068 Hybrid Composites Manufactured through Powder Metallurgy Techniques” In Applied Mechanics and Materials, Trans Tech Publications Ltd.867, (2017): 19-28.
26) Ma, Z.Y., Liang, Y.N., Zhang, Y.Z., Lu, Y.X. and Bi, J., “Sliding wear behaviour of SiC particle reinforced 2024 aluminium alloy composites”, Materials Science and Technology, 12(9), (1996):751-756.
27) Tjong, S.C. and Lau, K.C., “Dry sliding wear of TiB2 particle reinforced aluminium alloy composites”, Materials science and technology, 16 (1), (2000): 99-102.
28) Chak, V. and Chattopadhyay, H., “Synthesis of graphene–aluminium matrix nanocomposites: mechanical and tribological properties”. Materials Science and Technology, 37(5), (2021): 467-477.
29) Jerome, S., Ravisankar, B., Mahato, P.K. and Natarajan, S., “Synthesis and evaluation of mechanical and high temperature tribological properties of in-situ Al–TiC composites”, Tribology International, 43(11), (2010): 2029-2036.
30) Li, Y.Y., Zheng, X.P., Zhang, W.W. and Luo, Z.Q. “Effect of deformation temperature on microstructures and properties of 7075/6009 alloy”, Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 19 (5), (2009):1037-1043.
31) Xian, Y., Pang, X., He, S., Wang, W., Wang, X. and Zhang, P., “Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al6061-31vol.% B4C Composites Prepared by Hot Isostatic Pressing”, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 24, (2015): 4044-4053.
32) Radha, P., N. Selvakumar, and R. Harichandran. "Computational Intelligence for Analysing the Mechanical Properties of AA 2219 – (B4C+ h-BN) Hybrid Nano Composites Processed by Ultrasound Assisted Casting." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials (2019): 1163-1173.
33) Rajaganapathy, C., D. Vasudevan, and N. Selvakumar. "Investigation on Tribological and mechanical behaviour of AA6082—Graphene based composites with Ti particles." Materials Research Express 7.7 (2020): 076514.
34) Vinod, B., et al. "Fabrication and characterization of organic and in-organic reinforced A356 aluminium matrix hybrid composite by improved double-stir casting." Silicon 11 (2019): 817-829.
35) Narayanasamy, P., N. Selvakumar, and P. Balasundar. "Effect of weight percentage of TiC on their tribological properties of magnesium composites." Materials Today: Proceedings 5.2 (2018): 6570-6578.
36) Sivaraj, M., Muthuraman, S., Selvakumar, N., & Rajkumar, S. “The effects of TiC reinforcement on thermal, electrical and dry sliding wear behaviour of aluminium matrix nanocomposites. International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development, Trans Stellar Publisher, 8(1), (2018): 2249-6890.
37) Selvakumar, N., M. Sivaraj, and S. Muthuraman. "Microstructure characterization and thermal properties of Al-TiC sintered nano composites." Applied Thermal Engineering 107 (2016): 625-632.
38) Sivaraj, M., and N. Selvakumar. "Effect of particle size on the deformation behaviour of sintered Al–TiC nano composites." Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals 70 (2017): 2093-2102.
39) Narayanasamy, P., and N. Selvakumar. "Effect of hybridizing and optimization of TiC on the tribological behavior of Mg–MoS2 composites." Journal of Tribology 139.5 (2017).
40) Prabagaran, Subramaniam, Govindarajulu Chandramohan, and Palanisamy Shanmughasundaram. "Influence of graphite on the hardness and wear behavior of AA6061–B4C composite." Mater Technol 48.5 (2014): 661-667.
41) Şahın, Salim, et al. "Wear behavior of Al/SiC/graphite and Al/FeB/graphite hybrid composites." Materiali in tehnologije 48.5 (2014): 639-646.
42) Elango, Gopalakrishnan, Busuna Kuppuswamy Raghunath, and Kayaroganam Palanikumar. "Experimental analysis of the wear behavior of hybrid metal-matrix composites of LM25Al with equal volumes of SiC+ TiO2." Materiali in tehnologije 48.6 (2014): 803-810.
43) Stojanović, B., et al. "Tribological behaviour of A356/10SiC/3Gr hybrid composite in dry-sliding conditions." Materials and technology 49.1 (2015): 117-121.
44) Aluminija, Vedenje Hibridnega Kompozita Na Osnovi. "Wear behaviour of B4C reinforced hybrid aluminum-matrix composites." Materiali in tehnologije 49.1 (2015): 9-13.
45) Sanusi, Kazeem Oladele, and Esther Titilayo Akinlabi. "Friction-stir processing of a composite aluminium alloy (AA 1050) reinforced with titanium carbide powder." Materiali in tehnologije 51.3 (2017): 427-435.
46) Lastnosti, Vpliv Velikosti Delcev Na Mehanske. "Effect of particles size on the mechanical properties of SiC-reinforced aluminium 8011 composites." Materiali in tehnologije 51.4 (2017): 667-672.
47) AA8011-ZrB, KOMPOZITA S. KOVINSKO OSNOVO. "Investigation of tribological behavior of AA8011-ZrB2 in-situ cast-metal-matrix composites." Materiali in tehnologije 52.4 (2018): 451-45.
48) Lu, Yalin, et al. "Aluminum matrix composites reinforced with nano TiC particles: microstructure and wear behavior." Materiali in tehnologije 52.5 (2018): 673-678.
49) Sinteza, I., and M. Kompozitov. "Synthesis and forming behaviour of AA7075-TiC powder-metallurgy composites." Synthesis 809 (2018): 812.
50) Du, Xiaoming, Kaifeng Zheng, and Fengguo Liu. "Microstructure and mechanical properties of graphene-reinforced aluminum-matrix composites." Mater. Teh 52 (2018): 763-768.
Published
2023-10-03
How to Cite
1.
Naganambi N, Selvakumar N. HYBRID COMPOSITES REINFORCED WITH GRAPHENE AND TITANIUM CARBIDE IN AA7068 MATRIX: EVALUATION OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTY. MatTech [Internet]. 2023Oct.3 [cited 2025Dec.6];57(5):557–565. Available from: https://www.mater-tehnol.si/index.php/MatTech/article/view/915
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